Linda Bogaert writes :
The wife in Islam is given the right to undertake employment, to earn an income, to possess property in her name, to inherit, to conclude legal contracts, to engage in commerce, and to manage her own affairs in the way she herself desires. For the same endeavour, she receives the same reward as the husband.
She can also run her own business, and nobody – not even her husband - can lay claim to the assets or the income of his wife. The income she earns is wholly and exclusively hers, and hers alone. She need contribute nothing to the costs of the family, given that the financial obligation for the family is her husband’s responsibility. In other words: even when the wife has personal assets or earns personal income, the husband remains obliged to provide for his wife and his children’s financial needs, although the wife is obviously not excluded from making her own contribution to the family expenses. But she is NOT obliged to do so.
In this context, the meaning of a number of Quran verses now becomes clear:
“ Men are {qawwamuuna} of women because Allah has made some of them to excel others and because they spend out of their property;...”
(Quran 4:34 – the rest of this verse will be elucidated further in this article)
We remind the reader that the only true Quran is the Arabic Quran as it was revealed to Muhammad. A translation of the Quran is not considered to be the Quran itself, but only “an interpretation of the meaning of the Quran by a translator”.
The oft-used translation that men are "business managers" for women is a poor choice and may lead to a wrong interpretation of this verse. Women manage their own business, perform their own jobs, manage their own money, etc. Moreover, all the assets that a woman possesses are inviolable, out of bounds to the husband. The Arabic text in the above verse uses the word {qawwam}.
This is a form of {qaim} which means : to take care of, to be responsible for (the general wellness, physical, emotional, financial, etc.). It is in that sense that the verse has to be understood. The verse thus says that men need to take care of women.
In order for this obligation to take care to be fulfilled, God has favoured "the one (man) over the other (woman) because men have given of their possessions (to provide for the women)". This privilege is thus only related to the obligation to provide care. It is in keeping with verse 4:11 from which it appears that man is not favoured in the sense of his being superior to the woman but is privileged in his right to inheritance (and only there). He, in effect, receives a larger share since he is saddled with heavier financial burdens and bears all of the ensuing expenses. In Islam, a son receives two parts of an inheritance while a daughter receives one :
"Allah enjoins you concerning your children: The male [child] shall have the equal of the portion of two females;..." (Quran 4:11)
We see that the son is obliged, when reaching manhood, to use his double share to "provide for the care" of a whole group of individuals beside his own upkeep (his wife, his children, possibly also his mother if his father has died, etc). Although the daughter, when mature, bears no financial burden or obligation to provide care to others and, rather, is being financially looked after, Islam allots her part of the inheritance. The part she receives, albeit smaller, is exclusively and entirely for herself and need not be shared with anybody.
The fact that the man is financially privileged in his inheritance right does not bestow upon him any superiority or dominance over the woman; rather, it places upon him extra responsibilities that he cannot and must not shirk.
Men are enjoined to spend abundantly on their families:
It is reported by Abu-Darda (radhiallaho anho) that the Prophet (sallallaho alaihi wasallam) enjoined me: "Spend as much as possible on your family." (Kanz)
When a woman finds that her husband is too stingy, she may herself take what she feels reasonable for her needs – even without his knowledge:
'Aisha narrated that Hint bint 'Utba said: "O God’s Apostle. Abu Sufuan is a miser and provides not enough for me and my children. Can I take from his possessions without his knowledge?" The Prophet said : "Take what is enough for you and your children, but the amount that you take must be just and equitable” (Bukhari).
Neglecting his obligation to provide care has consequences for the man, not only in the hereafter but also in the present. Failure to provide adequately for wife and children is one of the grounds a wife can invoke to file for divorce (Quran 65:6-7).
The fact that a man is charged with this obligation to provide care does not at all release him from participation in household tasks. Following the example set by the Prophet, who undertook some of the daily chores in the home (such as repairing clothes or making the bed), men in Islam are encouraged to help their wives with household tasks, regardless of whether the woman is a housewife or employed at a job.
Moreover, looking after the household generally is not an obligation imposed upon the woman - although in practice it is often the case that when the man is the breadwinner, the woman takes care of the home. She is not, however, obliged to do so. Legally, a marriage is not a contract of servitude but an engagement or commitment between two equals.